The Duration of Immunity to Tetanus *

نویسنده

  • Henry W. Baird
چکیده

It has been well established that immunity to tetanus in man follows a series of injections with plain or alum-precipitated toxoid. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 28 Because this method has been in use but for a comparatively short time, the duration of immunity and the response to a single "booster" injection four or more years after the initial series appear to merit further study. This paper reviews the development and use of toxoid and reports the antitoxin level and response of individuals who had their last injection more than four years previously. In 1924, Descombey8 described the production of a tetanus toxoid by the technique of Ramon, 24' 25, 26, 27 and the next year Ramon published the first of a series of papers concerning its manufacture and possible use. This work stemmed from the development of a useful toxoid from diphtheria toxin. At first the tetanus toxoid was likewise prepared by the addition of formalin to the toxin. Later, precipitation of the toxoid by alum was found to increase the antitoxin response.' The amount of circulating antitoxin necessary to protect man has been estimated by several investigators. By analogy with results obtained from experimental animals given tetanus infection following skin abrasions, Cowles7 suggested that in man a fairly certain protection would be given by 0.1 to 0.2 of a unit per cubic centimeter of serum. Bergey and Etris2 set the minimum amount of antitoxin in serum at 0.1 unit, which is the antitoxin level four days after the administration of 1500 units of antitoxin.9 Since the publication of these figures, other investigators have used them in discussing their results. Bergey,' in 1934, suggested that immunization might be carried out by two injections of 1 cc. of toxoid, the second being given three months after the first. A third injection of 1 cc. was to be given following injury. The result of such a procedure, as shown by data obtained by Bergey and Etris2 from thirty individuals, was that the levels of antitoxin reached in the sera were low in comparison to results obtained when injections

برای دانلود رایگان متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Lower immunity to tetanus in cigarette smoker subjects

  Background: Cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. Tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   Materials and M...

متن کامل

Immunity to Tetanus Vaccination in Pregnant Women in Zanjan Province, Northwest of Iran

Background and Aims: Despite the fact that neonatal tetanus has been eradicated all over the world, it is still a significant health problem in some developing countries. The disease can even result in death. This is a worrying problem but it can easily be prevented by vaccination of the mothers. Vaccinating every pregnant woman with, at least, one dose of tetanus toxoid would be an affordable ...

متن کامل

Assessment of tetanus immunity in elderly people over 60 years old in Birjand, Iran, 2018-2019: Short Communication

Tetanus is a neurological disease associated with increased muscle contraction and spasm in patients. The risk and progression of the disease are higher in elderly patients. Numerous elderly people in our country, especially in rural areas, lack tetanus vaccination in childhood. Due to the weakness of the immune system in the elderly, this study aimed to assess the tetanus immunity in the elder...

متن کامل

بررسی وضعیت ایمنی علیه کزاز در افراد بالای 50 سال در کاشان

Ojectives: Tetanus is a neurologic disorder which occurs as sporadic cases in people with incomplete vaccination course.The most tetanus patients are people over 60 years of age.It is a important disease in elderly patients because of risk of severe forms and high rate of morbidity and mortality This study was conducted to evaluate tetanus immunity in 50 years of age and older people in kashan-...

متن کامل

Mucosal Adjuvant Potential of Quillaja saponins and Cross-linked Dextran Microspheres, Co-administered with Liposomes Encapsulated with Tetanus Toxoid

Intranasal vaccination is particularly a striking route for mucosal immunization, due to the ease of administration and the induction of both mucosal and humoral immunity. However, soluble antigens (Ag) are not sufficiently taken up after the nasal administration and need to be co-administered with adjuvants, penetration enhancers or encapsulated in particles. So, in this study, tetanus toxoid ...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

دوره 21  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 1949