The Duration of Immunity to Tetanus *
نویسنده
چکیده
It has been well established that immunity to tetanus in man follows a series of injections with plain or alum-precipitated toxoid. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 28 Because this method has been in use but for a comparatively short time, the duration of immunity and the response to a single "booster" injection four or more years after the initial series appear to merit further study. This paper reviews the development and use of toxoid and reports the antitoxin level and response of individuals who had their last injection more than four years previously. In 1924, Descombey8 described the production of a tetanus toxoid by the technique of Ramon, 24' 25, 26, 27 and the next year Ramon published the first of a series of papers concerning its manufacture and possible use. This work stemmed from the development of a useful toxoid from diphtheria toxin. At first the tetanus toxoid was likewise prepared by the addition of formalin to the toxin. Later, precipitation of the toxoid by alum was found to increase the antitoxin response.' The amount of circulating antitoxin necessary to protect man has been estimated by several investigators. By analogy with results obtained from experimental animals given tetanus infection following skin abrasions, Cowles7 suggested that in man a fairly certain protection would be given by 0.1 to 0.2 of a unit per cubic centimeter of serum. Bergey and Etris2 set the minimum amount of antitoxin in serum at 0.1 unit, which is the antitoxin level four days after the administration of 1500 units of antitoxin.9 Since the publication of these figures, other investigators have used them in discussing their results. Bergey,' in 1934, suggested that immunization might be carried out by two injections of 1 cc. of toxoid, the second being given three months after the first. A third injection of 1 cc. was to be given following injury. The result of such a procedure, as shown by data obtained by Bergey and Etris2 from thirty individuals, was that the levels of antitoxin reached in the sera were low in comparison to results obtained when injections
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عنوان ژورنال:
- The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
دوره 21 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1949